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PNAS is the world's most-cited multidisciplinary scientific serial. It publishes high-impact research reports, commentaries, perspectives, reviews, colloquium papers, and actions of the Academy. It publishes high-impact research reports, commentaries, perspectives, reviews, colloquium papers, and actions of the Academy. CRISPR (/ ˈ k r ɪ s p ər /) (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewedmultidisciplinaryscientific journal. It is the official journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915, and publishes original research, scientific reviews, commentaries, and letters. According to Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2019 impact factor of 9.412.^[1]PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with more than 1.9 million cumulative citations from 2008–2018.^[2] In the mass media, PNAS has been described variously as 'prestigious',^[3][4] 'sedate',^[5] 'renowned',^[6] and 'high impact'.^[7]

PNAS is a delayed open access journal, with an embargo period of 6 months that can be bypassed for an author fee (hybrid open access). Since September 2017, open access articles are published under a Creative Commons license. Since January 2019, PNAS is online-only, although print issues are available on-demand.

History[edit]

PNAS was established by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1914,^{[note 1][8][9]:30} with its first issue published in 1915. The NAS itself had been founded in 1863 as a private institution, but chartered by the United States Congress, with the goal to 'investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art'.

Prior to the inception of PNAS, the National Academy of Sciences published three volumes of organizational transactions, consisting mostly of minutes of meetings and annual reports. For much of the journal's history, PNAS published brief first announcements of Academy members' and associates' contributions to research.^[10] In December 1995,^[11]PNAS opened submissions to all authors without first needing to be sponsored by an NAS member.

Members were allowed to communicate up to two papers from non-members to PNAS every year. The review process for these papers was anonymous in that the identities of the referees were not revealed to the authors. Referees were selected by the NAS member.^[10][12][13]PNAS eliminated communicated submissions through NAS members as of July 1, 2010, while continuing to make the final decision on all PNAS papers.^[14]

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95% of papers are peer reviewed Direct Submissions and 5% are contributed submissions.^[15][16]

American national security concerns[edit]

In 2003, PNAS issued an editorial stating its policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences.^[17]PNAS stated that it would 'continue to monitor submitted papers for material that may be deemed inappropriate and that could, if published, compromise the public welfare.' This statement was in keeping with the efforts of several other journals.^[18][19] In 2005 PNAS published an article titled 'Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk',^[20] despite objections raised by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.^[21] The paper was published with a commentary by the president of the Academy at the time, Bruce Alberts, titled 'Modeling attacks on the food supply'.^[22]

Editors[edit]

The following people have been editors-in-chief of the journal:

• 1914–1918: Arthur A. Noyes
• 1918–1940: Raymond Pearl
• 1940–1949: Robert A. Millikan
• 1950–1955: Linus Pauling
• 1955–1960: Wendell M. Stanley
• 1960–1968: Saunders Mac Lane
• 1968–1972: John T. Edsall
• 1972–1980: Robert Louis Sinsheimer^[23]
• 1980–1984: Daniel E. Koshland, Jr.
• 1985–1988: Maxine Singer
• 1988–1991: Igor B. Dawid
• 1991–1995: Lawrence Bogorad
• 1995–2006: Nicholas R. Cozzarelli
• 2006–2011: Randy Schekman
• 2011–2017: Inder Verma^[24]
• 2018–2019: Natasha Raikhel
• 2019–present: May Berenbaum

The first managing editor of the journal was mathematician Edwin Bidwell Wilson.

Notes[edit]

1. ^The Stankus book reference states 1918 as the year instead of 1914.

References[edit]

1. ^'Journal Citation Reports'. Clarivate. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
2. ^'InCites [v2.54] – Sign In'. error.incites.thomsonreuters.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
3. ^'Discovery (could pave way for better diabetes treatments)'. The News-Star. 86 (264). Monroe, Louisiana. July 6, 2015. p. 2D – via Newspapers.com.
4. ^'Ben-Gurion study highlights gene that could lead to new therapies for ALS'. South Florida Sun Sentinel. September 21, 2016. p. A52 – via Newspapers.com.
5. ^Lear, John (August 11, 1986). 'On Our Knees'. The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
6. ^Byerman, Mikalee (October 26, 2008). 'Survival skills'. Living Green. Reno Gazette-Journal. 27 (300). Reno, Nevada. p. 7 – via Newspapers.com.
7. ^'U of U programs frequently cited as references'. School News. The Daily Spectrum. 27 (167). St. George, Utah. August 16, 1993. p. B2 – via Newspapers.com.
8. ^'Assistant professor's research gets published'. Poughkeepsie Journal. Poughkeepsie, New York. October 13, 2009. p. 1D – via Newspapers.com.
9. ^Stankus, Tony (1990). Scientific journals: Improving library collections through analysis of publishing trends. Haworth Press. ISBN0-886656-905-7 – via Internet Archive.CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
10. ^ ^abInformation for Authors
11. ^Schekman, R. (2007). 'Introducing Feature Articles in PNAS'(PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (16): 6495. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.6495S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702818104.
12. ^Fersht, Alan (May 3, 2005). 'Editorial: How and why to publish in PNAS'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (18): 6241–6242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502713102. PMC1088396. PMID16576766.
13. ^Garfield, Eugene (September 7, 1987). 'Classic Papers from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'(PDF). Essays of an Information Scientist. 10 (36): 247. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
14. ^Schekman, Randy (2009). 'PNAS will eliminate Communicated submissions in July 2010'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (37): 15518. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10615518S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909515106. PMC2747149.
15. ^https://www.pnas.org/content/111/40/14311
16. ^https://www.pnas.org/page/authors/direct-submission
17. ^Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. (2003). 'PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (4): 1463. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.1463C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0630514100. PMC149849. PMID12590130.
18. ^Harmon, Amy (February 16, 2003). 'Journal Editors to Consider U.S. Security in Publishing'. Archives. The New York Times.
19. ^Fauber, John (February 16, 2003). 'Science articles to be censored in terror fight'. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
20. ^Wein, L. M. (2005). 'Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (28): 9984–9989. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9984W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0408526102. PMC1161865. PMID15985558.
21. ^'Provocative report on bioterror online'. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 29, 2005.
22. ^Alberts, B. (2005). 'Modeling attacks on the food supply'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (28): 9737–9738. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9737A. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504944102. PMC1175018. PMID15985557.
23. ^Sinsheimer, Robert L. (August 29, 1976). 'Caution May Be an Essential Scientific Virtue'. Los Angeles Times. XCV (270). p. IV:5 – via Newspapers.com. Robert L. Sinsheimer is head of Caltech's biology division and chairman of the editorial board of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
24. ^Robbins, Gary (December 28, 2017), 'Renowned Salk Institute scientist loses a top post due to gender discrimination claims', Los Angeles Times

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